Quantum-Resistant Quantum Teleportation

Xin Jin, Nitish Kumar Chandra, Mohadeseh Azari, Jinglei Cheng, Zilin Shen, Kaushik P. Seshadreesan, Junyu Liu

#1342 of 2593 · Quantum Physics
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Tournament Score
1398±29
10501750
50%
Win Rate
20
Wins
20
Losses
40
Matches
Rating
4.5/ 10
Significance
Rigor
Novelty
Clarity

Abstract

We propose a quantum-resistant quantum teleportation (QRQT) framework protected by post-quantum cryptography (PQC) to secure the classical correction channel, which is vulnerable to quantum adversaries. By applying PQC to the classical control bits, QRQT eliminates the classical attack surface of quantum teleportation. Our analysis reveals that quantum memory is a hidden bottleneck linking physical and computational security: its finite coherence time simultaneously limits communication distance, constrains tolerable PQC overhead, and restricts the adversary attack window. Under realistic parameters (1 ms coherence, fiber-optic propagation), the maximum secure teleportation distance ranges from 191 km (FrodoKEM-1344) to 199 km (Kyber512). We show that the joint classical-quantum attack probability exhibits a non-monotonic, Bell-shaped profile due to the opposing time dependencies of classical cryptanalysis and quantum decoherence, establishing a bounded optimal attack window beyond which adversarial success decays exponentially. We further analyze how leakage of classical correction bits affects teleportation security under four stochastic leakage models: independent exponential, sequential, burst, and correlated leakage, also accounting for amplitude damping on the shared Bell pair. For each scenario, we derive closed-form expressions for the average Holevo quantity and teleportation fidelity as functions of time, providing measurement-independent upper bounds on extractable information and guiding the design of leakage-resilient quantum communication protocols.

AI Impact Assessments

(3 models)

Scientific Impact Assessment: Quantum-Resistant Quantum Teleportation

1. Core Contribution

The paper proposes the Quantum-Resistant Quantum Teleportation (QRQT) framework, which applies post-quantum cryptography (PQC) to protect the classical correction channel in quantum teleportation against quantum-capable adversaries. The central insight is that quantum memory coherence time acts as a coupling parameter between physical (quantum decoherence) and computational (cryptographic hardness) security dimensions. The paper makes three interconnected contributions: (a) identifying the security-distance tradeoff imposed by PQC latency on quantum teleportation feasibility, (b) formulating a joint classical-quantum threat model yielding a bell-shaped attack probability curve, and (c) deriving information-theoretic bounds on adversarial information extraction under four stochastic leakage models with amplitude damping.

2. Methodological Rigor

The paper is methodologically structured but exhibits several concerns regarding depth and novelty of the technical analysis:

Strengths in rigor:

  • The joint attack probability model combining PLWE(t) and PSWAP(t) is cleanly formulated, and the independence assumption is explicitly justified on physical grounds (disjoint channels, non-competing resources, Markovian decoherence).
  • The Holevo information analysis under four leakage models is thorough, with closed-form expressions derived for each scenario. The mathematical derivations in the appendices are detailed and appear correct.
  • The Padé approximation for numerical evaluation of the error function product is validated against exact computation.
  • Weaknesses in rigor:

  • The SWAP attack model assumes an idealized adversary performing a perfect unitary swap — while acknowledged as worst-case, the paper does not quantitatively analyze how imperfect SWAP operations or partial entanglement extraction would modify the threat model.
  • The quantum memory decoherence model uses a single-parameter phenomenological depolarizing decay F(t) = ½(1 + e^{-t/T_coh}), which is overly simplistic for platform-specific analysis. The paper acknowledges this but doesn't explore sensitivity to alternative decay models.
  • The BKZ attack model parameters (a, b) are treated as tunable constants calibrated to decade-old benchmarks (Lindner-Peikert 2011). Modern lattice sieving algorithms and quantum-assisted attacks could substantially alter these estimates, yet no sensitivity analysis is provided.
  • The feasibility analysis (Table I) uses a supercomputer benchmark for PQC computation time, which is an optimistic bound far removed from the embedded or network-edge hardware where teleportation endpoints would realistically operate.
  • 3. Potential Impact

    The paper addresses a genuine gap: the classical correction channel in quantum teleportation is indeed a vulnerability that is often assumed away. However, the practical impact is tempered by several factors:

  • Incremental integration: Applying PQC to the classical channel is conceptually straightforward — essentially wrapping a KEM+AES around two classical bits. The paper's value lies more in the security analysis than in the protocol design itself.
  • Distance limitations: The derived maximum distances (191-199 km with 1 ms coherence) are within the range already achievable by direct QKD links, raising the question of whether QRQT offers advantages over simpler alternatives in this regime.
  • The leakage models (independent, sequential, burst, correlated) provide a useful taxonomy but remain phenomenological. Connecting these to specific hardware failure modes or side-channel attack classes would significantly increase practical relevance.
  • Network-level implications are discussed only in the future work section. The extension to multi-hop scenarios, quantum repeaters, and distributed computing architectures — where the framework would be most impactful — remains unaddressed.
  • 4. Timeliness & Relevance

    The paper is timely in two respects: NIST has recently finalized PQC standards (FIPS 203-205), and quantum networking is advancing toward practical deployment. The intersection of PQC and quantum communication is underexplored and important. However, the "harvest now, decrypt later" threat to quantum teleportation's classical channel is less severe than for long-lived encrypted data, since quantum states decohere rapidly — a point the paper itself emphasizes. This somewhat undermines the urgency of the proposed framework.

    5. Strengths & Limitations

    Key strengths:

  • Clear identification of quantum memory as the bottleneck linking computational and physical security — this is a genuinely useful conceptual contribution.
  • The bell-shaped joint attack probability profile is an elegant result that provides intuitive understanding of the security landscape.
  • Comprehensive appendices with full derivations enhance reproducibility.
  • The four leakage models with closed-form Holevo quantities provide a reusable analytical toolkit.
  • Notable limitations:

  • The paper is largely analytical with no simulation, numerical optimization, or experimental validation. No comparison against concrete Kyber/FrodoKEM implementations is performed — only operation-count estimates.
  • The threat model treats the SWAP attack and LWE attack as the only adversarial strategies, without considering more sophisticated quantum attacks (e.g., partial entanglement extraction, collective attacks across multiple rounds).
  • The information-theoretic analysis (Sections V-VII) and the attack probability analysis (Sections III-IV) remain somewhat disconnected — there is no unified security metric that combines both perspectives.
  • The amplitude damping model applies only to Bob's half of the Bell pair, ignoring channel loss, dark counts, and other practical impairments that dominate real fiber-optic quantum communication.
  • The paper is excessively long (22 pages + 10 pages appendices) relative to the depth of its core results, with substantial space devoted to textbook material (teleportation protocol, von Neumann entropy, LWE basics).
  • 6. Comparison to Prior Art

    The paper cites relevant work on teleportation security, QKD, and PQC, but does not adequately compare its framework against existing approaches for securing the classical channel (Wegman-Carter, QKD-based authentication). A quantitative comparison showing where QRQT is preferable would strengthen the contribution significantly.

    Overall Assessment

    This paper identifies a real problem and provides a reasonable first analysis, but the contribution is primarily one of formalization rather than deep technical novelty. The integration of PQC with teleportation is conceptually natural, and the main analytical results — while correct — are relatively straightforward consequences of combining existing models. The work would benefit from tighter focus, concrete numerical benchmarks against specific PQC implementations, and extension to multi-hop or network scenarios.

    Rating:4.5/ 10
    Significance 4.5Rigor 5Novelty 4Clarity 6

    Generated Apr 20, 2026

    Comparison History (40)

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